Passage One

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

旧

传记类

The Extraordinary Watkin Tench

T/F/NG 6个

简单题 7个

文章

Waltkin Tench的人物传记。此人为英国人，在历史上非常有名，他曾经因参加英国的“第一舰队”（firstfleet）——殖民澳大利亚的舰队，并出版两本书描述这一经历而著名。具体信息可参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkin_Tench文中讲述了他对原住民非常的友好，关注人性，是一个很伟大的人。

参考文章：

During the late 18th and 19th centuries, large numbers of convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government. One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their overburdened correctional facilities. Over the 80 years more than 165,000 convicts were transported to Australia.

Poverty, social injustice, child labor, harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in 19th-century Britain. Dickens' novels perhaps best illustrate this; even some government officials were horrified by what they saw. Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labor (the Factory Acts) passed in the United Kingdom.

William Hogarth's Gin Lane, 1751

According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, began rising considerably after 1740. By the time of the American Revolution, London was overcrowded, filled with the unemployed, and flooded with cheap gin.Crime had become a major problem. In 1784 a French observer noted that "from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around."

Each parish had a watchman, but British cities did not have police forces in the modern sense. Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a circular prison, but the penitentiary was seen by many government officials as a peculiarly American concept. Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the local court by their victims.

Pursuant to the so-called "Bloody Code", by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty, almost all of which were crimes against property. These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings, the cutting down of a tree, the theft of an animal, even the theft of a rabbit from a rabbit warren.

The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in petty crime due to the economic displacement of much of the population, building pressure on the government to find an alternative to confinement in overcrowded gaols. The situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years' War were used as makeshift floating prisons.Eight of every 10 prisoners were in jail for theft. The Bloody Code was gradually rescinded in the 1800s because judges and juries considered its punishments too harsh. Since lawmakers still wanted punishments to deter potential criminals, they increasingly applied transportation as a more humane alternative to execution.

Transportation had been applied as a punishment for both major and petty crimes since the seventeenth century. Around 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. When the American Revolutionary War brought an end to that means of disposal, the British Government looked elsewhere. After James Cook's famous voyage to the South Pacific in which he visited and claimed the east coast of Australia in the name of the British Empire, he described Botany Bay, the bay on which present-day Sydney sits, as an ideal place to establish a settlement. In 1788 the First Fleet arrived and the first British colony in Australia was established.

Q1-Q6 True/False/Not Given

1. A great deal was known about Tech before arriving to Australia. False

2. Tench drew pictures of what he saw during his journeyNG

3. Generally treat convicts well False

4. Tench’sopinion towards Aboriginal remained unchanged. FALSE

5. An Aboriginals gave Tench food as a gift when they first met.NG

6. Tench held unusual opinion in his time.Tench held unusual opinion in his time. True

Passage Two

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

心理类

Are artists liars?

Heading 6个

TRUE OR FALSE 5个

填空 3 个

文章主要内容

主要 通过马龙白兰度的例子讲诉表演者都是很好谎言家类似

参考答案（部分）

Passage Three

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

New

教育类

文章主要内容

关于theory-based research的话题，管理类院校的科研成 管理类院校的科研成 管理类院校的科研成 管理类院校的科研成果。

参考答案

（部分）