Passage One

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

旧

人物传记

Alfred Nobel

The man behind the Nobel Prize

判断 6

Summary 7

文章

类似文章及旧题仅供参考

Alfred Nobel
The man behind the Nobel Prize

A Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all comers of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.

B Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. In connection with his construction work Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques for blasting rocks. Successful in his industrial and business ventures, Immanuel Nobel was able, in 1842, to bring his family to St. Petersburg. There, his sons were given a first class education b y p rivate teache rs. The trai ning i ncluded natura l sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. His primary interests were in English literature and poetry as well as in chemistry and physics. Alfred’s father, who wanted his sons to join his enterprise as engineers, disliked Alfred’s interest in poetry and found his son rather introverted.

C In order to widenAlfred’s horizons his father sent him abroad for further training in chemical engineering. During a two year period Alfred Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. In Pads, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of Professor T. J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero who, three years earlier, had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. But it was considered too dangerous to be of any practical use. Although its explosive power greatly exceeded that of gunpowder, the liquid would explode in a very unpredictable manner if subjected to heat and pressure. Alfred Nobel became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be put to practical use in construction work. He also realized that the safety problems had to be solved and a method had to be developed for the controlled detonation of nitroglycerine.

D After his return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred Nobel concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Several explosions, including one (1864) in which his brother Kmil and several other persons were killed, convinced the authorities that nitroglycerine production was exceedingly dangerous. They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city limits and Alfred Nobel had to move his experimentation to a barge anchored on Lake Malaren. Alfred was not discouraged and in 1864 he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine. To make the handling of nitroglycerine safer Alfred Nobel experimented with different additives. He soon found that mixing nitroglycerine with kieselguhr would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods of a size and form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867 he patented this material under the name of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator (blasting cap) which could be ignited by lighting a fuse. These inventions were made at the same time as the pneumatic drill came into general use. Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock, drilling tunnels, building canals and many other

forms of construction work.

E The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman. Over the years he founded factories and laboratories in some 90 different places in more than 20 countries. Although he lived in Paris much of his life he was constantly traveling. When he was not traveling or engaging in business activities Nobel himself worked intensively in his various laboratories, first in Stockholm and later in other places. He focused on the development of explosives technology as well as other chemical inventions, including such materials as synthetic rubber and leather, artificial sill, etc. By the time of his death in 18% he had 355 patents.

F Intensive work and travel did not leave much time for a private life. At the age of 43 he was feeling like an old man. At this time he advertised in a newspaper "Wealthy, highly-educated elder gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household. " The most qualified applicant turned out to be an Austrian woman, Countess Bertha Kinsky. After working a very short time for Nobel she decided to return to Austria to marry Count Arthur yon Sutrner. In spite of this Alfred Nobel and Bertha von Suttner remained friends and kept writing letters to each other for decades. Over the years Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race. She wrote a famous book, Lay Down Your Arms and became a prominent figure in the peace movement. No doubt this influenced Alfred Nobel when he wrote his final will which was to include a Prize for persons or organizations who promoted peace. Several years after the death of Alfred Nobel, the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) decided to award the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to Bertha von Suttner.

G Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The executors of his will were two young engineers, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and to coordinate the work of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. This was not without its difficulties since the will was contested by relatives and questioned by authorities in various cou H Alfred Nobel’s greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetra ting mi nd of the scientist a nd inve ntor with the forward -looki ng dynamism o f the ind us trialist. Nobel was ve ry interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension d a fulfillment of his lifetime interests.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE FALSE
NOT GIVEN

if the statement is true if the statement is false

if the information is not given in the passage

A.                1  The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1895. 


B.2  Nobel’s father wanted his son to have better education than 


what he had had.

A.                3  Nobel was an unsuccessful businessman. 


B.4  Bertha yon Suttner was selected by Nobel himself for the first 


peace prize.
5 The Nobel Foundation was established after the death of

Nobel
6 Nobel’s social involvement was uncommon in the 1800’s. Questions 7-13

Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Table 1
Education:
Having accumulated a great fortune in his business, Nobel’s

father determined to give his son the best education and sent him abroad to be trained in 7 _______ During Nobel’s study in Paris, he worked in a private laboratory, where he came in contact with a yo ung Scientist (e nginee r) 8 ________ and his inve ntio n nitroglycerine, a more powerful explosive than 9 _______ .

Table 2
Benefits in construction works:

Nobel became really interested in this new explosive and experimented on it. But nitroglycerine was too dangerous and was banned for experiments within the city of 10 ________ .So Nobel had to move his experiments to a lake. To make nitroglycerine easily usable, Nobel invented dynamite along with 11 _______ while in the meantime 12 _______ became popular, all of which dramatically lowered the 13 ______ of construction works.

部分答案

1. F


2. NG


3. F


4. T


5. T


6. T


7. chemical engineering

8 . c onstr ution,

9.gunpower


10. Stockholm

(顺序可能有误仅供参考)

Passage Two

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

科技

Report of the state of the digital music

list heading 7

summary 4

选择(5 选 2 )2

文章主要内容

数字音乐带来一些困难 传统 日本解决比较好

参考答案（部分）

1. games


2. convential stores

3. market share

4-5.BD

(仅供参考)

Passage Three

版本号

题材

文章题目

题型

New

农业

BRITISH FARMING WORK

选择 4

判断 5

简答 3

选择 1

文章主要内容

英国战前战后农业政策,温饱解决后注意一些环保政策

参考答案

（部分）

1.B food shortage 战前短缺为什么采取这一措施

2. T


3. NG


4. F

5. T
6. agriculture depression

7. public concern